“中道”之忧——SARS下行政强制诸措施的展开

汤治


[内容提要]
在抗击SARS进程中，与我们关系紧密的行政强制行为已是行政法学界乃至整个法学界研究的重点。本文简要分析了紧急状态下的行政强制措施的合法性和正当性，之后从这一状态下行政强制的程序瑕疵和边缘性问题出发，针对德国学者在行政强制学说中提出的“中道”理论表示现实的忧虑，并根据行政法的一些基本理论对解决“中道”理论与现实差距提出了自己不成熟的一些观点（如紧急状态下行政强制行为一些准则及法律救济的补充途径）。
[关 键 词] 行政强制 必要性 程序瑕疵 中道 救济

一 当自由失去时

在刚刚结束的SARS疫情爆发严重时，中央到地方各级政府机关采取了若干强制性措施来应对这场突发性公共危机。来自北京市防控非典督查办公室的统计，根据流行病学调查和发布隔离公告时间，截至6月21日10时，18个区县累计隔离医学观察人数为30173人，其中集中隔离12131人，分散隔离18042人。累计解除隔离观察人数30048人，当日处于隔离观察人数125人。⑴ 留验观察、隔离治疗等抗SARS措施的频频采用涉及到公民的人身自由范围问题（当然也涉及到企业自由问题，本文不做论述）。
可以看到“紧急状态”这一用语在这一事件中被学术界乃至传媒界大量反复引用。何谓“紧急状态”？紧急状态在各国宪法和法律上的描述也不尽一致，但大致上的内容是近似的。比较有代表性的定义是欧洲人权法院对“公共紧急状态”（Public Emergency）的解释，即“一种特别的、迫在眉睫的危机或危险局势，影响全体公民，并对整个社会的正常生活构成威胁”。紧急状态有以下几个特征：必须是现实的或者是肯定要发生的；威胁到人民生命财产的安全；阻止了国家政权机关正常行使权力；影响了人们的依法活动；必须采取特殊的对抗措施才能恢复秩序等。根据引起紧急状态的原因不同一般可以把紧急状态分为两类：一类是自然灾害引起的紧急状态；一类是由社会动乱引起的紧急状态。⑵ SARS的爆发显然属于第一种类型的情况。那么上述种种行政强制行为就应该是紧急状态下的行政行为。
基于上文对“紧急状态”的认定，在很大程度上可以认定为在SARS疫情下的若干行政行为是行政强制制度中的即时强制。即时强制，是指国家行政机关在遇有重大灾害或事故，以及其他严重影响国家、社会、集体或者公民利益的紧急状态下，依照法定职权直接采取的强制措施。⑶ 依即时强制的标的，留验观看、隔离治疗等强制措施属于对身人的强制，如《传染病防治法》第24条的规定⑷ 。在本次事件中，各级行政主体基本上采取的都是一个断然的行动，使得行政相对人认识到的就是限制或影响自身权益的诸多手段或措施，出现了很多抵制和阻碍的情况（从隔离区逃走、违反出行规定和办假证明）。这是我们不得不思索，抗SARS措施与人身自由之间的关系。人身自由属公民基本权利，受到宪法的保护⑸ 。《立法法》规定“限制人身自由的强制措施和处罚”属于法律保留事项，即如需对公民的人身自由施加限制，必须有法律上的依据。⑹ 因此有必要对这些行为的合法性、正当性进行思考。

二 行政强制合法性、正当性的若干思考
就抗SARS而言，行政机关可以直接适用的是1989年2月21日第七届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第六次会议通过的《传染病防治法》。因此，检测抗SARS措施的合法性，首先应该考察这些措施与《传染病防治法》之间的关系究竟如何。实施抗SARS措施的前提——法定传染病和疫区的宣布基于上述法律保留的要求，检测SARS疫情发生之后相关行政机关所采取的措施是否具备合法性就必须从该法中寻找基本的答案。⑺
有些学者对诸强制措施的合法性表示质疑认为：运用这些措施对人身自由进行限制时，都必须存在一个前提要件：实施第24条措施的前提要件是相应的传染病必须属于法定传染病（事实要件）；实施第26条措施的前提要件是针对已经被宣布为疫区的地区（地域要件）。
但是，考察至今为止中央和地方各级政府今为止采取的措施，可以说，都缺乏上述两项前提要件，换而言之，各项措施在合法性要件方面或多或少都存在着一定的瑕疵。
显然可以看出上述对抗SARS措施合法性分析是以实定法为根据进行的。而目前SARS疫情中的很多情况则显然并非是可从既存的实定法中寻找到有效的对应措施。在相当大程度上，既存的实定法并不是能够全然预测到各种未来可能发生的事情，这正是实定法的局限性。SARS突如其来的发生，寻找其病原体的艰难过程以及至今尚未研究和生产出能有效治疗的药物等事实说明SARS本身与《传染病防治法》第3条所列举的35种法定传染病不同，法律体系并未预设其发生之后可采取的有效措施。总而言之，至今支撑抗SARS措施的，尤其是其中涉及人身自由的措施的，并不是适用于平常状态的实定法体系，而是在紧急状态下的其他因素。因此，分析和评论抗SARS措施与人身自由之间的关系，就不能仅仅以既存的实定法为唯一依据。
那么这些强制措施是否超越了“必要性”的范围呢？观察目前使抗SARS措施发生效力的各种因素，“必要性”的认识是关键——如果不采取现行的抗SARS措施则难以预防或遏制SARS的疫情发展。处于紧急状态的当前，是人们对采取抗SARS措施“必要性”的认识为这些措施提供了正当性基础，使其有效的作用得以维持。以下的两个方面可以说明抗SARS措施具有正当性。对照《传染病防治法》，目前以具有限制人身自由内容的第24条措施或第26条措施的形式表现出来的抗SARS措施在合法性方面均存在相当的瑕疵，但另一方面，事实上维系这些措施有效运作的则是基于“必要性”产生的正当性。“必要性”是应解决非常状态下问题之需要产生的。当“必要性”并不是构成某项措施形式方面的合法性要件时，其直接反映出的是社会对法律，对公共权力的实质要求。当前人们期待的是各级政府能够实质性地解决由SARS造成的公共健康和安全方面的危机，真正承担公共卫生职责。因此“必要性”支撑的正当性也只有在这类非常状态之下，即当实定法无法或者难以提供有效的法律资源实质性地满足社会需要时才具有真正的法律意义。 ⑻
紧急状态不会永远持续。无论采取哪种措施，不能总在事实上的“必要性”中寻求和维系效力。SARS给人们的启发是应尽快建立能够在平常状态中充分预测和对应诸如公共健康和安全危机等问题的法律制度，从而使“必要性”成为采取法定措施的一项前提要件，而不是仅仅是事实上的，孤立于实定法体系之外的“赤裸裸”的客观存在。总之如何通过法律制度建设，在合法性中去整合“必要性”和正当性是目前相关法律制度建设的当务之急 。⑼
其实，我们讨论紧急状态下的行政行为的根本出发点还是基于公共危机处理中的公共利益与公民个人权利的制衡的考虑。有些学者这样描述：“公共利益与公民个人权利是一对矛盾的统一体。公共利益是公民个人权利的集合，但它又不等同于公民的个人权利；公民的个人权利应溶于公共利益之中，但又有其个体性和独享性。”在突发的公共危机面前，在应对这样的公共危机过程中，公共利益与公民个人权利的关系呈现出如下特点：第一，公共危机的公共性，决定了公共利益保护的优先性和公民个人权利的从属性。第二，公共危机的突发性，决定了公共利益保护的紧迫性和公民部分期待（预期）的权利实现的困难性。第三，公共危机的严重性，决定了公共利益的强化和公民个人权利的弱化。第四，公共危机处理的复杂性，决定了公共利益保护的手段多样性和公民个人权利的多方受限性。第五，公共危机的不可避免性，决定了公共利益特殊保护的必要性和公民个人权利受限的必然性。第六，公共危机的暂时性，决定了公共利益特殊保护的暂时性和公民个人权利受限的暂时性。⑽ 总之，在法律制度中有效地处理“必要性”，将正当性转化为合法性，使合法性中蕴含正当性是今后法律制度建设的应有走向。当然，在具体的制度层面如何构建本人限于水平，还无法展开。重复上文提过的观点——如何平衡满足行政强制措施“必要性”与法治国家对包括人身自由在内的人权的保障要求之间的制衡关系，寻找出二者之间的“中道”是这方面法制改革的关键所在（本文下节将着重论述，此处不赘述）。

三 “中道”之忧——行政强制的程序瑕疵及边缘

　 堪称“国考”的高考在不平常中刚刚走过，高考期间的SARS预防、检查、卫生等方方面面的问题做出了详细的规定。但其中一项规定却多多少少令人有点不理解，那就是被医院确诊为非典疑似病人的考生与确诊患了非典的考生一样，不得参加高考。⑾ 这种规定的公平性实在令人怀疑（实际可行性暂且不论）。事实上，抗SARS过程中的实习医生有功，考研未过线也可顺利升读研究生；人民大学更公开表示，对一线抗非人员的子女采取优先录取政策……对医护人员可以慷慨付出爱心，乃至惠及他们的子女，为什么不能对染病的非典疑似考生本人多一点关怀呢？非典疑似考生在高考关键时刻病倒并被隔离已属不幸，不许他们参加高考，岂不是打击更大？此外，为能够参加考试，疑似病例的考生会不会瞒报、不报自己的病情，那样岂不是对抗击SARS更加不利？ 这是行政强制的边缘问题，社会反应非常不一致，值得我们反思和讨论。
对控制SARS措施的法律程序问题事实上也值得讨论。控制SARS属于传染病防治范畴，应当依法进行。我国的《传染病防治法》于1989年9月1日开始实施，是控制“非典”的基本法律依据。卫生部是控制“非典”工作的主管部门，已以部门规章形式下发了一系列通知，为保护人民身体健康，避免大众心理恐慌作出了积极的贡献。但是，卫生部在具体实施控制“非典”工作中，在法律程序问题上存在瑕疵。
2003年4月8日，卫生部发布《关于将传染性非典型肺炎（严重急性呼吸道综合征）列入法定管理传染病的通知》（卫疾控发[2003]84号），《通知》第三条规定：“传染性非典型肺炎（严重急性呼吸道综合征）有较强的传染性，其控制措施可按照《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》第二十四条（一）款执行。”这就是控制SARS的强制治疗、强制隔离措施的法律依据。《传染病防治法》第二十四条（一）项 内容为，医疗保健机构、卫生防疫机构发现传染病时，应当及时采取下列控制措施）“对甲类传染病病人和病原携带者，乙类传染病中的艾滋病病人、炭疽中的肺炭疽病人，予以隔离治疗。隔离期限根据医学检查结果确定。拒绝隔离治疗或者隔离期未满擅自脱离隔离治疗的，可以由公安部门协助治疗单位采取强制隔离治疗措施”。而根据《传染病防治法》第三条，甲类传染病是指鼠疫和霍乱，不包括“非典”；同时，“非典”病人亦非艾滋病病人或肺炭疽病人。换言之，《传染病防治法》第二十四条（一）款不能直接适用于控制“非典”工作。因此，卫生部的《通知》属于与上位法（《传染病防治法》）相抵触的下位法，其法律效力存在严重问题。法律授权本身也是有程序限制的，《传染病防治法》第三条第五款规定得很明确，国务院增加甲类传染病病种的，需要公布。相当于立法机关对最高行政机关的立法授权，依法理，此种授权不能再行委托，否则国家职责最后必然由政府承担，而且国务院据此行使权力，其法定要件是公布。具体而言是依照《立法法》规定在国务院公报上发布。《传染病防治法》第三条第五款为立法授权当无疑问，因为它明确了国务院在特定条件下修改或曰补充法律的权力。另外，隔离治疗、强制隔离治疗属于限制人身自由的强制措施，依据《立法法》第八条第5项，只能制定法律。因此即使“将其看作是国务院依法所享有的行政职权”，授权卫生部行使也违背了立法法原则。
隔离治疗、强制隔离治疗目的的确是为了维护公共利益，但它是对公民权利和自由的严重限制，理应有严格的程序限制。否则，今天是水灾，明日有地震，宪政何从谈起？因此，目前行政力量介入（甚至公安机关），对“非典”病人及“疑似”人员的强制治疗、强制隔离尚无法律依据。在“非典”蔓延的特殊时期，采用特殊手段控制传染病本无可厚非，但这只是一个事实问题，与依法行政问题不属同一层面。毕竟，从某种意义上讲，法治才是社会最大的福祉。
那么控制SARS措施的法律程序问题该如何解决呢？
根据《传染病防治法》规定，卫生部上报国务院，由国务院发布公告，增加“非典”为甲类传染病。或者，卫生部另行发布公告，增加“非典”为乙类传染病，援用《传染病防治法》第二十四条（二）项——对除艾滋病病人、炭疽中的肺炭疽病人以外的乙类、丙类传染病病人，根据病情，采取必要的治疗和控制传播措施——来组织实施控制“非典”工作。因为“必要的治疗和控制传播措施”并未有立法限制，所以卫生行政部门完全可以参照《传染病防治法》第二十四条第（一）款采取控制措施。这样解决法律程序问题（上报或者另行公告）并未增加国家的人力、物力开支以及时间耗费，故这种程序应该予以采纳。
曾任德国联邦宪法法院首席法官的Ernst Benda在他的理性、妥协的“中道”（Mittelweg）理论中支出在上述两者的紧张关系中，一方面，如要最大限度地实现对人权的保障，则当发生紧急状态事件时，能实际有效处理事态的规定会丧失功能；反之，如制作紧急体制已完全满足现实的要求，则会是法治国家和民主的保障陷入绝地，因此，为了建立有效且无害的制度，使上述（极端对立的）两条道路之间不形成冲突，就需要讲实际有效性和防止滥用权力中两种观点至于同样的地位加以考虑。⑿ 我认为，这次事件及其所延伸的紧急状态下的行政强制行为中存在着过多“过火”现象，如何把握中道，如何做到行政行为合法性、正当性和必要性的完美统一，如何最大限度地在保障社会集体（公共）利益的同时，最小程度地侵犯公民的私权利？如何做到始终保证行政相对人的地位平等？“中道”之忧由此展开。和同学做了比较充分的商讨和论证，觉得给予行政强制以原则上的指导（虽不能治本）可以一定程度上限制行政公权力的滥用。紧急状态下行政强制行为应遵循下属基本准则：
1.法定原则。行政强制必须有法律依据，且必须按照法定的程序实施。⒀ “越是危急时刻，越需要民意机关发挥作用。” 随着非典疫情的扩散，人大作为民意机关，应当充分发挥作用，这既有助于确认政府行为的合法性，也是体现人大权威性与实现法治原则的要求。首先，人大应当通过授权立法确认政府强制体检与隔离的权力。在疫情迅速扩散时，采取隔离与强制体检等措施对人身自由进行限制显属必要。但是，同样是隔离，是否经过立法机关授权，其正当性截然不同。目前，政府的限制性措施基本上完全出自行政自由裁量，“红头文件”满天飞，立法机关几乎置身事外。这些“红头文件”中，有些固然是出于健康与安全的考虑，有些则令人怀疑是借“非典”而滥用职权。这些既无益于人民身体健康，还危及其他基本权利，更会遭致国内外的普遍质疑。⒁ 在对公民权利进行限制和对财产权进行征用时，一定要有明确的法律根据。⒂ 我国传染病防治法第24条所规定的隔离仅仅针对患者，而且是“医疗隔离”，而防治非典所采取的措施则包括对“接触者”隔离、疫情居民区的“生活隔离”，以及其他场所的强制体检等。为了明确对上述自由与权利进行限制的合法性，有必要通过正式授权，确认隔离与检查的正当范围，防止有关部门滥用权力。
2.公平、公开原则。这体现在行政强制程序方面的规定。信息及时和公开，充分说明强制措施的法理依据和客观必要性，就有利于对群众进行宣传教育，减少不必要的干扰，迅速建立紧急状态下的法律秩序。
3.权衡裁量原则。在行使行政强制之前，行政机关应对必要性和利弊作出衡量，是行政机关作出要不要行使行政强制措施，作出此种或彼种措施的决定（这在隔离措施中体现得较为明显）。
4.适当比例原则。在应急状态下采用这一原则的时侯，合理的度和衡量标准也要符合紧急状态时期的形势和客观条件，而不能简单地根据正常状态下的标准来衡量，也不可采用绝对等量的公式为标准，必须允许一定的公差度，以避免出现因为担心超过必要的界限而放弃应当履行的职责，从而造成更大危害后果的现象。⒃ 必须兼顾公共利益和公民利益，符合法律规定的目的，不得超过合理的必要的限度，采取必要的方式，最小程度地损害当事人的权益。坚决抵制借紧急状态之名恣意行使行政权的现象。
5.适时执行原则。突发事件的性质和可能带来的紧迫后果要求政府部门在采取必要的应对措施时必须要考虑形势的急迫性和应对措施的及时性。紧急状态下对于政府的决策和适用法律的力度都有特殊的要求。
6.救济原则。紧急状态下的行政强制措施容易给公民、法人（主要是企业）的合法权益造成损害，必须有法律途径予以救济。因此应当作出规定，公民、法人或者其他组织的合法权益因行政强制而受到损害的，可以向人民法院提起诉讼，并可以依法提出赔偿要求。⒄ 这一原则涉及行政强制措施的可诉性问题，本文下节将补充论述。

四 补论（权利救济）

“有权利必有救济。”本文所论述的诸强制行为必然需要适用法律救济。SARS下的一系列强制措施，包括预防性的、控制性的和治疗性的等等，特别是大家所熟悉的一种常用措施，如“隔离”。这些措施有的是纯医疗技术性的，但大多属于行政强制措施行为，无疑带有法律属性。虽然绝大多数人对这种强制措施是配合的，但是也出现了许多违背、阻碍的现象。此时是否可以适用法律救济及适用什么法律救济呢？一般观点认为我国的行政复议法和行政诉讼法早已解决了这一问题：这两法都明文规定，公民、法人或者其他组织，对于行政主体所实施的行政强制措施不服的，有权申请复议或者提起诉讼。但对于非常时期中的行政紧急强制措施的法律救济，与对于一般行政强制措施的法律救济应该有所不同（主要体现在程序上）。其实紧急状态下的强制措施的可诉性尚待进一步研究。
行政强制措施的可诉性，不是从静态的角度和一般意义上讲行政强制措施是否可诉，而是从理论上和实务的、动态的角度分析，满足了什么条件的行政强制措施，可以达到法院受理的条件。因此，我们可以这样理解：《行政诉讼法》明确将行政强制措施纳入法院受理行政案件的范围，并不表明任何形态的行政强制措施都具有可诉性。某一具体行政强制措施是否具有可诉性，还取决于该行政强制措施是否达到了其自身的独立性和成熟性，取决于它与行政相对人权益的关系。⒅
行政强制措施的独立性和成熟性，是指行政强制措施作为一个独立的具体行政行为是否已经成立，而行政强制措施与行政相对人权益的关系则是指法律上的利害关系，即行政强制措施的采取是否影响或可能影响行政相对人的合法权益。⒆ 从一般意义上讲，具有独立性和成熟性，并影响或可能影响行政相对人权益的行政强制措施，就具有可诉性。具体讲，需要区别不同形态的行政强制措施，并分别加以分析。就行政即时强制措施而言，由于它是一个独立的、实实在在的处置相对人权益的断然行动，实施终了的行政即时强制措施具有独立性、完整性和成熟性，显然也同行政相对人有利害关系，因此它具有可诉性。⒇ 行政机关采取了行政强制措施以后，或因不存在违法行为，或因虽有违法行为，但不够实施行政处罚或其他行政处理的条件，因而没有必要、也不再实施后续的具体行政行为，而是随着需要强制的情形消失而解除行政强制措施，恢复相对人被限制的权利。但该行政强制措施确实曾经存在过了，也确实给相对人的权益造成了影响，甚至造成了损害。这时的行政强制措施无法依附于其他具体行政行为而存在，也没有其他具体行政行为可依附，而是一个直接影响相对人权益的独立、完整的具体行政行为，其对相对人权益的影响也是独立和直接的，因而这种行政强制措施达到了法院受理的成熟性，当然具有可诉性，我认为本文所讨论的抗击SARS过程中的诸强制措施符合可诉性的实质要件，具有可诉性。除此之外，有些救济手段也值得采用：
（一）申请复议撤销强制措施。行政相对人有申辩和申请复议的机会，这是法律赋予行政相对人的基本权利。（本人觉得鉴于考虑行政管理的效率和司法的经济原则故应对申请复议的时间作适当限制。）
（二）合理的行政强制司法审查。人民法院（各级）受理行政机关（各级）申请执行的其具体行政强制行为。法院应出于紧急状态考虑迅速组成行政审判庭对这一具体行为进行合法性的审查，并就是否予以批准做出裁定。（21） （本人不成熟的观点认为法院应考虑如下事项：①是否缺乏事实根据；②是否违法；③是否有严重违反行政相对人权益的违宪行为；④是否必要。）
（三）金钱补救措施。行政相对人可以基于民事侵权和赔偿的通则对个人进行起诉要求金钱上的救济对政府进行起诉要求补救的最常见的理由是要求因违反法定义务或渎职的赔偿。（22）
行政强制是一个范围较宽广的概括性、包容性概念。这次SARS疫情，对于所有以法律为业的人都值得反思。它让我们看到了现存法律体系应对紧急状态的手足无措，看到了各不同法律性文件在相互衔接上的不严谨，更看到了法律对于社会生活调控作用的局限性。在此紧急情况SARS过后但是，在此过程中，同样存在很多借依法行政之名而侵犯行政相对人合法权益的行为，而且其行为多少带有某种运动的痕迹，而且遗留了很多的法律问题同样慎重对待和处理，事实上此次事件已成为法律职业者推动新一轮法制建设的契机。（23） 让我们这些法律人所欣喜的是，法律从以往的紧急状态中的不作为逐渐变得有所作为，尽管这个转变的程度仍然是有限的，但是毕竟标志着一个新的开始。

国务院办公厅


国务院办公厅转发国家旅游局关于加强旅游工作意见的通知(附英文)
国务院办公厅


国家旅游局《关于加强旅游工作的意见》已经国务院同意，现转发给你们，请结合本地区、本部门的实际情况贯彻执行。 旅游业是一项综合性事业，涉及航空、交通、文化、建设、轻工、纺织、商业等许多部门，各有关部门要积极配合和支持，共同努力，推动我国旅游事业更加健康
、协调地发展。关于加强旅游工作的意见 党的十一届三中全会以来，在改革、开放方针的指引下，我国旅游事业迅速发展，在增加我国非贸易外汇收入、促进对外经济贸易和文化交流、增进同世界各国人民的相互了解和友谊等方面发挥了积极作用。目前我国旅游业的发展已具备了相当的
基础和进一步加快发展的基本条件，国际旅游业持续稳定发展的大趋势也有利于我们把旅游事业搞上去。为进一步加强对旅游工作的协调管理，争取我国旅游业有一个更大的发展，现提出如下意见：
一、加强旅游管理工作，搞好各级旅游管理机构改革。各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府及旅游重点城市，特别是旅游资源比较丰富的热点地区，要按照党政分开、政企分开和精简、统一的原则，从当地情况和发展国际国内旅游业的需要出发，结合地方机构改革，统筹安排，建立健全旅
游管理机构。各级旅游管理部门要切实转变职能，划清职责范围，合理配置机构。为切实搞好政企分开，需做到：（一）旅游部门主管领导不得兼任地方旅游公司、旅行社或饭店的经理；（二）旅游局与其直属企业要在人、财、物管理方面完全分开，使旅游企业真正做到自主经营、自负盈
亏；（三）各级旅游管理部门开展旅游业务的费用，由各级财政安排。为了加强旅游管理部门与旅游经营单位之间的联系，国家旅游局将根据工作需要，适当调整“中国旅游协会”、“中国旅游饭店协会”，成立“中国国内旅游协会”，协助旅游主管部门协调与各有关部门的关系，研究指
导国内旅游业发展中的有关事宜。
二、进一步明确国家旅游局的行业管理范围和管理权限，建立分级管理的办法和制度。全国所有的旅游企业事业单位，包括旅游院校和科研单位，经营国际、国内旅游业务的旅行社，各类旅游涉外饭店、宾馆、餐馆及旅游车船公司，对外开放的重点旅游风景区、游览点、旅游商品经销
店以及派驻国外的旅游办事机构、国外在华开设的旅游办事机构等，其隶属关系均不变，但旅游局要按照国家的有关规定，实行行业管理和检查监督。各级旅游管理部门对各级各类旅游企业，要一视同仁。国家旅游局要按此原则，会同有关部门研究制定分级管理办法，并严格旅游企业审批
制度。所有旅游企事业单位都要接受行业管理和监督。
三、全面深化改革，实行承包经营责任制。各级旅游管理部门和办有旅游企业的部门，可结合本地区、本部门的具体情况，根据国家有关规定，研究提出在国营、集体旅游企业实行承包经营责任制的具体计划和实施步骤，并使之配套、完善和深化。在实行承包经营责任制中，可根据不
同工作性质（旅行社、旅游涉外饭店、旅游车船队等）和不同经营情况（盈利企业、还贷企业、亏损企业等），采取不同的承包经营方式。凡是有外汇收入的企业，要承包创汇指标，并制定相应的结汇管理办法。有条件的企业，可以逐步建立企业风险基金。要采取招标招聘等多种形式，通
过竞争确定承包者。承包合同期限，一般不应少于3年。承包合同一经确定，承发包双方都要严格履行，不得违反。实行承包经营责任制，要和改进企业管理、促进企业内部管理制度的改革紧密结合起来，按照责、权、利相结合的原则，进一步改革和完善企业的劳动工资制度，严格考核和
奖罚制度。
四、改革旅行社管理体制。鼓励、支持国旅、中旅、青旅三大骨干旅行社向建立企业联合体和企业集团的方向发展。对已开办的各类旅行社，国家旅游局和地方旅游管理部门要按照《旅行社管理暂行条例》和《旅行社管理暂行条例实施细则》进行考核和整顿。各类旅行社都要切实搞好
企业内部改革，进一步挖掘潜力，促进经营管理水平和服务质量的提高。
五、加强旅游对外宣传招徕工作，努力开拓国际客源市场。国家旅游局要进一步加强对国际客源市场的调查研究，制定开拓国际市场的具体规划并组织实施。驻外旅游办事处要搞好国际旅游市场调研和宣传招徕，负责各外联单位在外宣传招徕的管理工作，积极开展与驻在国有关机构、
旅行社和旅游批发商等的联系，并注意搜集和反馈有关信息。各驻外办事机构在驻在国法律许可的范围内，也可酌情开展一些有偿服务或经营性活动。各外联单位在对外推销旅游线路时，要互相配合，顾全大局，不得低于保护价竞销或相互贬低。鼓励提倡各外联单位自愿组织起来，开展对
外联合推销。对于违反外联纪律的，国家旅游局和地方旅游管理部门要根据情节轻重给予行政处分或经济处罚。为适应我国旅游业发展的需要，旅游宣传推销经费可逐年有所增加。今后各外联单位开展对外联合推销活动，可采取收费的办法，凡参加及受益单位均需缴纳一定费用。
六、加强对新建旅游涉外饭店的宏观管理，推进饭店管理制度改革。各级旅游管理部门要认真贯彻执行今年9月22日国务院发布的《楼堂馆所建设管理暂行条例》，会同当地计划部门，对本地区旅游涉外饭店项目进行认真清理。今后，各地一般不要再建设高档旅游涉外饭店。温冷点
地区可根据旅游客源市场需求，酌建中低档饭店（可视需要在中档饭店内设若干高档房间）。北京、上海、广州、桂林、西安、杭州等旅游热点城市，原则上不再批准中外合资或合作建造饭店。要按照国办发〔1988〕17号文件精神，加快建立我国自己的饭店管理公司。对确需新建中
外合资、合作饭店的，必须按照国发〔1986〕101号和国办发〔1988〕32号文件有关规定办理。对于由国家旅游局投资或参与投资建设的旅游风景区和游览点，地方旅游管理部门要参与领导和管理。推进饭店管理制度的改革。全国旅游涉外饭店星级评定工作，已有具体标准和
实施办法，要抓紧进行，争取明年底完成。要逐步建立旅游涉外饭店（包括各类旅行社和旅游车船公司）营业许可证发放和吊销制度。旅游主管部门对有严重违法乱纪行为的旅游企业，可建议工商行政管理部门吊销其营业执照。
七、审慎进行旅游价格方面的改革，加强对旅游外汇收支及结汇的管理。旅游价格问题直接关系到国家的利益和声誉，要不断进行调查研究，作出审慎的改革，并按规定报批。要充分考虑适应国际竞争需要，根据不同旅游路线、不同季节等特点，改革价格结构模式，更加科学、合理地
制定价格（国家旅游局和国家物价局今后主要是制定最高限价和最低保护价）。价格原则一经确定，各级、各类旅游企业都应严格执行。对于违反价格纪律的，要严肃处理。 国家旅游局要会同国家统计局、国家外汇管理局、财政部、中国银行等部门，在加强对旅游外汇收支统计工作的同
时，进一步加强对旅游外汇的收支管理，建立旅游外汇结汇制度，并纳入计划；要研究制定《旅游外汇管理办法》和《旅游外汇财务管理办法》，报国务院批准后实施，以尽快扭转目前旅游外汇收入流失严重的状况。
八、大力发展旅游商品、旅游纪念品的生产和销售，进一步提高我国旅游业的创汇水平和经济效益。搞好旅游商品、旅游纪念品的生产和销售是旅游业一个重要组成部分，也是为国家创汇的重要途径之一。要逐步建立起全国旅游商品、旅游纪念品的生产和销售网络。要以国家旅游局所
属的“中国旅游服务公司”系统、轻工部现有的“中国旅游产品生产供应公司”系统、商业部现有的“中国友谊服务公司”系统为基础，发挥其主导作用，进一步扩大业务，形成各具特色、经营不同旅游商品和旅游纪念品的企业体系。这些企业系统，可以有计划地兴办一批旅游纪念品生产
基地和研究国际旅游商品、旅游纪念品市场行情、开发新产品的科研单位，逐步使科研开发与产供销紧密结合。要鼓励各地特别是旅游重点地区大力发展具有民族风格、地方特色的旅游商品和旅游纪念品的生产，增加花色品种，广开货源渠道，改善销售服务，加强市场管理。要落实国务院
早已确定的“旅游商品创汇视同外贸出口创汇”的规定，并研究制定具体办法；对外贸出口中属于非实行出口许可证管理的商品，要进一步扩大对国外旅游者的销售；旅游商品、旅游纪念品的销售价格，要根据不同商品的货源情况、国际市场行情和经贸部门的具体销售方针，灵活掌握；发
展旅游商品、旅游纪念品生产所需国内紧缺的专用原材料，各级物资部门要纳入供货渠道；必须由国家统一进口的原材料，要纳入国家进口计划；对所需进口的专用原材料，按国办发〔1987〕16号文件有关规定执行。北京、上海、广州是海外旅游者出入境的三大口岸，要逐步建设成
为亚洲地区有一定规模和声誉的旅游购物城市。 目前一些旅游涉外饭店用大量外汇进口内装修材料、卫生洁具、机电设备和零部件，为尽快改变这种状况，今后对凡属于国内已能生产的产品，价格合理，质量、交货期等方面又能保证需要的，应一律停止进口。建议由有关部门提出限制进
口的产品目录，并由行业归口管理部门进行审批。
九、加强旅游从业人员的队伍建设，抓好职业道德和职业纪律教育。要进一步抓好旅游院校教育工作和从业人员的培训工作，大力培养不同层次、不同类别的旅游专业人才。要强化职业道德和职业纪律教育，不断提高旅游从业人员的政治、业务素质，树立旅游职业的光荣感和责任感，
反对各种不正之风，进一步提高旅游服务质量，搞好优质服务，使我国旅游业在国际上建立良好的信誉和形象。
十、加强与各有关部门的协调配合。旅游业是一项综合性事业，其发展不仅取决于旅游部门本身的工作，而且与航空、交通、城建、园林、文物、文化、轻工、纺织、商业、宗教事务等很多部门的工作紧密相关。旅游业又是一项跨地区的行业，大量的组织工作和实际工作要靠地方去做
，需要协调一致。各级旅游管理部门要进一步与有关部门密切配合，共同努力，促进我国旅游事业更加健康协调地发展。

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE UNDER THE STATE COUNCIL ON THEAPPROVAL AND TRANSMISSION OF A REPORT SUBMITTED BY THE NATIONAL TOURISMADMINISTRATION CONCERNING THE STRENGTHENING OF TOURIST WORK

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE UNDER THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE
APPROVAL AND TRANSMISSION OF A REPORT SUBMITTED BY THE NATIONAL TOURISM
ADMINISTRATION CONCERNING THE STRENGTHENING OF TOURIST WORK
(December 21, 1988)
The Report, "Suggestions Concerning the Strengthening of Tourist Work",
submitted by the National Tourism Administration, has been approved by the
State Council and is hereby transmitted to you for implementation in the
light of the actual conditions of the respective localities and
departments.
The tourist industry is a comprehensive undertaking which involves
departments such as aviation, communications, culture, construction, light
industry, textile industry, and commerce. All the departments concerned
shall coordinate and support each other and make joint efforts to promote
the sound and coordinated development of tourism in our country.
SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING THE STRENGTHENING OF TOURIST WORK
Since the conclusion of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China, under the guidance of the
policy of reform and opening to the outside world, tourism has been
developing very rapidly in our country; and it has played an active part
in increasing our country's non-trade foreign exchange earnings, in
boosting international trade and cultural exchange, and in promoting the
mutual understanding and friendship between peoples throughout the world.
At present, our country possesses a fairly good foundation for the
development of tourism and the necessary conditions for speeding up such
development. The general trend of continuous and steady development of the
international tourism is also favourable to us for promoting our tourist
industry. In order to further strengthen the coordinated administration of
tourist work and strive for a greater development of our tourist industry,
we hereby advance the following suggestions:

1. Strengthening the administration of the tourist industry and doing a
good job in the reform of tourism administration organs at various levels.
The people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, as well as tourist
cities, especially those favourite haunts with relatively rich tourist
resources, shall, in accordance with the principles of "separating Party
organs from government organs", "separating government organs from
enterprises", and "simplified and unified administration", and in the
light of local conditions and needs of the development of international
and domestic tourism, set up and improve the tourism administration organs
by combining them with the reform of local setups and making overall
arrangements. The tourism administration departments at various levels
shall make timely and specific adjustments to their responsibilities,
clearly define their scope of duties, and rationally deploy their
organizations. In order to effect the separation of government organs from
enterprises, it is imperative to lay stress on the following measures:
(1) The persons in charge of the tourism administration departments shall
not assume concurrently posts of manager of local tourist companies,
tourist agencies, or hotels;
(2) The tourism bureaus shall be completely separated from the enterprises
directly under them in the administration of such aspects as personnel,
finance, and materials, so that the tourist enterprises shall carry on
their business operations independently, and assume sole responsibility
for their profits and losses;
(3) The expenses for the tourism administration departments at various
levels to conduct tourist business operations shall be appropriated by the
finance departments at various levels. In order to strengthen the
connections between tourism administration departments and tourist opera-
ting units, the National Tourism Administration shall, in accordance with
the requirements of work, make necessary adjustments with regard to the
"China Association of Tourism" and the "China Association of Tourist
Hotels", and establish thereby the "China Association of Domestic
Tourism", which shall assist the competent authorities for tourism in
coordinating relations with other departments concerned and in studying
and providing guidance to the development of domestic tourism.

2. Further clarifying the scope of responsibility and the limits of powers
of the tourist administration bureaus, and establishing a system of graded
administration. The subordinative relationship of all the tourist
enterprises and tourist institutions throughout the country-including
institutes and schools of tourism, research institutes of tourism, tourist
agencies that are engaged in the international and domestic tourist
industries; various categories of tourist hotels, guest houses,
restaurants, and tourist automobile and vessels companies for the
reception of foreign tourists; key tourist scenic spots, tourist
attractions, and shops selling tourist goods that are open to foreigners;
tourist representative offices abroad, as well as the tourist
representative offices established in China by foreign tourist agencies-to
the competent administrative authorities directly over them shall remain
unchanged; but the tourist bureau shall, in accordance with the provisions
of the State, implement the system of trade administration, inspection,
and supervision. The tourism administration departments at various levels
shall treat tourist enterprises of various categories equally without
discrimination. The National Tourism Administration shall, in accordance
with the aforesaid principle, and working in coordination with other
departments concerned, make a study of, and work out, ways to implement
the system of graded administration and effect a stricter procedure in
examining and approving the establishment of tourist enterprises. All the
tourist enterprises and tourist institutions shall, without exception,
subject themselves to trade administration and supervision.

3. Deepening the reform in a comprehensive way and implementing the
responsibility system of contracted business operations. The tourism
administration departments at various levels and the departments that run
tourist enterprises shall, taking into consideration the actual conditions
of the local areas and of their own departments, and in accordance with
the pertinent provisions of the State, make a study of, and submit a
report on, a specific plan and practicable procedures for the
implementation of the responsibility system of contracted business
operations in state-run and collectively-run tourist enterprises and, at
the same time, formulate other provisions to perfect such a system. In the
course of implementing the aforesaid responsibility system of contracted
business operations, different forms of contracted business operations may
be adopted, in accordance with the differences in the nature of business
operations (tourists agencies, tourist hotels specialized in receiving
foreign guests, fleets of tourist automobiles and vessels) and business
operations of different conditions (enterprises with profits, enterprises
that have to repay loans, enterprises suffering losses and with a
deficit). All those enterprises that have foreign exchange earnings shall
carry out a contracted target for earning foreign exchange, and work out a
corresponding method for the administration of the settlement of the
exchange. Enterprises, which possess the necessary conditions, may
gradually set up risk funds for themselves. The contractor shall be
finally determined, through various kinds of competition, such as by
inviting tenders, or by advertising for employment. The contract period
shall, in principle, be no shorter than 3 years. Once a contract is
confirmed and signed, the two parties, the contractor and the party
awarding the contract, shall execute the contract strictly, and under no
circumstances shall it be violated. The implementation of the
responsibility system of contracted business operations calls for a close
integration of the improvement of enterprise management and the promotion
of reform in the internal administration system of enterprises, and for
further efforts in reforming and improving the labour wage system and the
policy of reward and punishment, in accordance with the principle of
combining responsibility, power, and profit.

4. Reforming the administration system of tourist agencies. The three
backbone travel services-China International Travel Service, China Travel
Service, and China Youth Travel Service-shall be encouraged and supported
to develop towards the establishment of an integrated complex or
enterprise group.
With respect to those tourist agencies of various categories that have
already been set up, the National Tourism Administration and local tourism
administration departments shall carry out assessment and rectification in
accordance with the provisions in Interim Regulations on the
Administration of Tourist Agencies and Rules of Implementation for Interim
Regulations on the Administration of Tourist Agencies. Tourist agencies of
various categories shall all carry out effectively the reform in the
internal work of their respective tourist agencies, further tap their
potentials, so as to raise standard of their operation and administration,
and to improve the quality of their services.

5. Strengthening overseas tourist publicity and the endeavouring for
soliciting tourists, and striving to expand the international market for
foreign tourists. The National Tourism Administration shall make further
efforts in investigating and analyzing the market for international
tourists, work out specific plans for the expansion of the said
international market, and take measures to put it into practice. Our
resident representative tourist offices abroad shall try their best to
investigate into the market for international tourists and carry out
publicity work for soliciting visiting tourists, take the responsibility
to supervise the publicity and soliciting endeavour carried out abroad by
units in charge of liaison work with foreign countries, actively make
contacts with the institutions concerned, tourist agencies and tourist
wholesalers in countries where our representative tourist offices are
resident, and pay attention to collecting and feeding back relevant
information. Various resident representative tourist offices abroad may,
within the scope of law of the respective countries where they are
resident, and at their discretion, undertake some paid services or other
business operational activities.
Various units in charge of liaison work with foreign countries, while
canvassing among foreigners for tourists itineraries, shall work in close
coordination and take the interests of the whole country into account.
They may not play down the others and compete against them by offering
prices lower than the protective price. Various units in charge of liaison
work with foreign countries shall be encouraged to collaborate on a
voluntary basis to canvass jointly among foreigners. With respect to those
who have violated external liaison disciplines, the National Tourism
Administration and the local tourism administration departments shall,
depending on the seriousness of the cases, impose disciplinary sanctions,
or economic penalty, on the violators. In order to meet the needs of the
development of the tourist industry in our country, the outlay for
conducting tourist publicity and canvassing abroad may be increased with
each passing year. From now on, various units in charge of liaison work
with foreign countries, when canvassing jointly among foreigners may
collect service charges: all units that take part in the canvassing
activities and derive benefits there from shall pay the charges.

6. Strengthening the macro-administration of those newly-built tourist
hotels that specialize in receiving foreign guests and promoting the
reform of hotel administration system. The tourism administration
departments at various levels shall conscientiously implement Interim
Regulations on the Construction and Administration of Storied Buildings,
Halls, Hotels and Guest Houses, promulgated by the State Council on
September 22, 1988, and, working in coordination with the local planning
departments, carry out a checking-up on the projects of local tourist
hotels that specialize in receiving foreign guests. From now on, in
principle, no more high-grade tourist hotels that specialize in receiving
foreign guests shall be built in any place. In areas less frequented than
favourite tourist haunts, medium-and low-grade hotels may be built, in
accordance with the tourist market's demand, and depending on the actual
circumstances, (a number of highgrade rooms may be provided in a
medium-grade hotel, if necessary). In such highly frequented tourist
cities as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Guilin, Xi'an, and Hangzhou, no
new hotel construction projects with Chinese-foreign joint investment or
by Chinese-foreign cooperation shall, in principle, be approved. In
accordance with the guideline of Document No. 17 (1988) issued by the
General Office under the State Council, it shall be imperative to speed up
the establishment of the hotel administration company of our own country.
In cases where necessity arises for the building of new hotels in form of
Chinese-foreign joint ventures or Chinese-foreign contractual joint
venture, the cases shall be handled in accordance with the provisions in
Document No. 101 (1986) and Document No. 32 (1988), issued by the General
Office under the State Council. As regards the tourist scenic spots and
tourist attraction, built and facilitated with, or partly with the
investment of the National Tourism Administration, the local tourism
administration departments shall take part in the leadership and
administration of the aforesaid tourist places.
Promoting the reform in the hotel administration system. There are now
specific standards for the "star-rating" of the country's tourist hotels
that specialize in receiving foreign guests; the rating process shall be
speeded up and strive to complete the task by the end of next year. The
system for issuing and revoking business licence for tourist hotels that
specialize in receiving foreign guests (including various categories of
tourist agencies and tourist automobiles and vessels companies) shall be
gradually set up. With respect to those tourist enterprises that have
committed serious illegal acts, the competent authorities for tourism may
suggest to the relevant administrative departments for industry and
commerce that the business licences of the aforesaid enterprises be
revoked.

7. Carrying out, with caution, the reform in tourist prices, and
strengthening the administration of the receipts and expenditures in
foreign exchange as well as the settlement of exchange relating to tourist
enterprises. The problem of tourist prices has a direct bearing on the
interests and reputation of the State; therefore it is imperative to
conduct careful investigation and studies before taking cautious steps in
the reform, and submit the reform plan to higher authorities for approval.
It is necessary to reform the price structure so as to fix the tourist
prices more scientifically and reasonably by taking into full
consideration the necessity to meet the challenge of international
competition, and in accordance with the special features of different
tourist itineraries and different seasons (from now on, the National
Tourism Administration and the State Administration for Commodity Prices
shall chiefly fix the ceiling price and the floor price - the protective
price). Once the price principles are determined, the tourist enterprises
at various levels and of various categories shall execute them strictly.
Those who have violated the price discipline shall be dealt with
seriously.
The National Tourism Administration shall, working in coordination with
such departments as the State Statistical Bureau, the State Administration
of Foreign Exchange Control, the Ministry of Finance, and the Bank of
China, strengthen the statistical work on the tourist enterprises'
receipts and expenditures, and tighten the control of the foreign exchange
receipts and expenditures of the tourist enterprises, establish the system
for the settlement of tourist foreign exchange, and bring this work into
line with the State plan. It is imperative to formulate, through studies,
the Measures for Foreign Exchange Control in Tourism and the Measures for
the Financial Administration of Foreign Exchange in Tourism, and submit
these two documents to the State Council for approval before
implementation so as to reverse as early as possible the present situation
of serious drain on foreign exchange earnings from tourism.

8. Developing vigorously the manufacture and marketing of tourist goods
and tourist souvenirs, increasing the volume of the foreign exchange
earning from tourism in our country and improving its economic results.
The manufacture and marketing of tourist goods and tourist souvenirs
constitute an important component part of the tourist industry, and is
also an important channel for earning foreign exchange for the State. It
is imperative to establish gradually a nationwide network for the
production and marketing of tourist goods and tourist souvenirs. For the
aforesaid purpose, the "China Tourist Services Company" under the National
Tourism Administration, the "China Tourist Products Production and Supply
Company" under the Ministry of Light Industry, and the "China Friendship
Services Company" under the Ministry of Commerce shall be taken as the
foundation; their leading role shall be brought into full play, and their
businesses shall be further expanded so that they shall grow into
complexes of enterprises specialized in different lines of business,
handling different assortments of tourist goods and tourist souvenirs.
These complexes of enterprises may establish, in a planned way, a number
of production bases for the production of tourist souvenirs, and a number
of research institutes for carrying on studies in the marketing quotations
of international tourist goods and tourist souvenirs and for developing
new products, so that scientific research and product development will be
combined in the integrated process of production-supply-marketing. It is
necessary to encourage various places, especially the key tourist areas,
to vigorously develop the production of tourist goods and tourist
souvenirs that are of national style with various local colours, to
increase designs and varieties, to expand channels for sources of goods,
to improve sales service, and to strengthen market administration. It is
imperative to implement conscientiously the provisions approved long ago
by the State Council: "the foreign exchange earned through the sales of
tourist goods shall be deemed as the foreign exchange earned by foreign
trade" and to formulate, through studies, specific measures for carrying
out the said provisions; with respect to those export goods which do not
come under the licence control, it is important to expand their sales to
foreign tourists; the selling prices of tourist goods and tourist
souvenirs shall be handled flexibly in accordance with the different
conditions of goods supply, the international market quotations, and the
specific marketing policy pursued by the economic and trade departments.

The special raw and processed materials which are needed for the
development of the production of tourist goods and tourist souvenirs and
are in short supply in the country, shall be brought into the goods supply
channels handled by the departments of goods and materials at various
levels; those raw and processed materials that are imported solely by the
State shall be brought into the plan for importation executed by the
State; the special imported raw and processed materials needed shall be
handled in accordance with the pertinent provisions in Document No. 16
(1987) issued by the General Office under the State Council. As Beijing,
Shanghai, and Guangzhou are the three main ports of entry and exit for
overseas tourists, they shall be turned into cities with sizable tourist
shopping centres and good reputation in Asia. At present, some tourist
hotels that specialize in receiving foreign guests spend a large amount of
foreign exchange in importing fitting-up materials, sanitary utensils,
machinery and electrical equipment, and spare and component parts. In
order to change this situation without delay, from now on, all similar
products which can already be manufactured in our country and reasonably
priced and whose quality and delivery time can be guaranteed shall cease
to be imported. We suggest that a catalogue of products to be restricted
in importation be put forward by the departments concerned and the
importation of the aforesaid products shall be examined and approved by
the administrative departments of the trades concerned.

9. Strengthening the building of a contingent of tourist personnel and
paying close attention to the education in professional ethics and
professional discipline. It is imperative to improve the educational work
in schools and institutes of tourism and the professional training of
tourist personnel, especially the training of qualified specialized
personnel at various levels and of different categories. It is also
imperative to intensify the education in professional ethics and
professional discipline, so as to improve the political and professional
quality of tourist personnel, to foster a sense of honour and
responsibility, to oppose all kinds of unhealthy tendencies, to improve
the quality of tourist services and offer high-quality services, thus
enabling our tourist industry to establish good international reputation
and image.

10. Strengthening the coordination between different departments
concerned. The tourist industry is a comprehensive undertaking, the
development of which relies not only on its own work, but also on the
close coordination with such organizations as the departments of aviation,
communications, city construction, gardens and parks, historical relics,
culture, light industry, textile industry, commerce, and religious
affairs. The tourist industry is also a trans-regional trade, and a large
amount of organizational work shall be done by the local departments; a
harmonious coordination is thus indispensable. Tourist departments at
various levels shall strengthen their coordination with other departments
concerned and make joint efforts in promoting a sound and co-ordinated
development of the tourist industry in our country.



1988年12月21日