外商投资建设工程设计企业管理规定(附英文)

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外商投资建设工程设计企业管理规定(附英文)

建设部 对外贸易经济合作部


中华人民共和国建设部
中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部


第114号


《外商投资建设工程设计企业管理规定》已经2002年9月9日建设部第63次常务会议和2002年9月17日对外贸易经济合作部第10次部长办公会议审议通过,现予发布,自2002年12月1日起施行。



建设部部长 汪光焘
对外贸易经济合作部部长 石广生
二○○二年九月二十七日



外商投资建设工程设计企业管理规定


第一条 为进一步扩大对外开放,规范对外商投资建设工程设计企业的管理,根据《中华人民共和国建筑法》、《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》、《中华人民共和国中外合作经营企业法》、《中华人民共和国外资企业法》、《建设工程质量管理条例》、《建设工程勘察设计管理条例》等法律、行政法规,制定本规定。

第二条 在中华人民共和国境内设立外商投资建设工程设计企业,申请建设工程设计企业资质,实施对外商投资建设工程设计企业监督管理,适用本规定。

本规定所称外商投资建设工程设计企业,是指根据中国法律、法规的规定,在中华人民共和国境内投资设立的外资建设工程设计企业、中外合资经营建设工程设计企业以及中外合作经营建设工程设计企业。

第三条 外国投资者在中华人民共和国境内设立外商投资建设工程设计企业,并从事建设工程设计活动,应当依法取得对外贸易经济行政主管部门颁发的外商投资企业批准证书,在国家工商行政管理总局或者其授权的地方工商行政管理局注册登记,并取得建设行政主管部门颁发的建设工程设计企业资质证书。

第四条 外商投资建设工程设计企业在中华人民共和国境内从事建设工程设计活动,应当遵守中国的法律、法规、规章。

外商投资建设工程设计企业在中华人民共和国境内的合法经营活动及合法权益受中国法律、法规、规章的保护。

第五条 国务院对外贸易经济合作行政主管部门负责外商投资建设工程设计企业设立的管理工作;国务院建设行政主管部门负责外商投资建设工程设计企业资质的管理工作。

省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门在授权范围内负责外商投资建设工程设计企业设立的管理工作;省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门按照本规定负责本行政区域内的外商投资建设工程设计企业资质的管理工作。

第六条 外商投资建设工程设计企业设立与资质的申请和审批,实行分级、分类管理。

申请设立建筑工程设计甲级资质及其他建设工程设计甲、乙级资质外商投资建设工程设计企业的,其设立由国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门审批,其资质由国务院建设行政主管部门审批;申请设立建筑工程设乙级资质、其他建设工程设计丙级及以下等级资质外商投资建设工程设计企业的,其设立由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门审批,其资质由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门审批。

第七条 设立外商投资建设工程设计企业,申请建筑工程设计甲级资质及其他建设工程设计甲、乙级资质的程序:

(一)申请者向拟设立企业所在地的省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门提出设立申请。

(二)省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门在受理申请之日起30日内完成初审;初审同意后,报国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门。

(三)国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门在收到初审材料之日起10日内将申请材料送国务院建设行政主管部门征求意见。国务院建设行政主管部门在收到征求意见函之日起30日内提出意见。国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门在收到国务院建设行政主管部门书面意见之日起30日内作出批准或者不批准的书面决定。予以批准的,发给外商投资企业批准证书;不予批准的,书面说明理由。

(四)取得外商投资企业批准证书的,应当在30日内到登记主管机关办理企业登记注册。

(五)取得企业法人营业执照后,申请建设工程设计企业资质的,按照建设工程设计企业资质管理规定办理。

第八条 设立外商投资建设工程设计企业,申请建筑工程乙级资质和其他建设工程设计丙级及以下等级资质的程序,由各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门和对外贸易经济行政主管部门,结合本地区实际情况,参照本规定第七条以及建设工程设计企业资质管理规定执行。

省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门审批的外商投资建设工程设计企业资质,应当在批准之日起30日内报国务院建设行政主管部门备案。

第九条 外商投资建设工程设计企业申请晋升资质等级或者申请增加其他建设工程设计企业资质,应当依照有关规定到建设行政主管部门办理相关手续。

第十条 申请设立外商投资建设工程设计企业应当向对外贸易经济行政主管部门提交下列资料:

(一)投资方法定代表人签署的外商投资建设工程设计企业设立申请书;

(二)投资方编制或者认可的可行性研究报告;

(三)投资方法定代表人签署的外商投资建设工程设计企业合同和章程(其中,设立外资建设工程设计企业只需提供章程);

(四)企业名称预先核准通知书;

(五)投资方所在国或者地区从事建设工程设计的企业注册登记证明、银行资信证明;

(六)投资方拟派出的董事长、董事会成员、经理、程技术负责人等任职文件及证明文件;

(七)经注册会计师或者会计师事务所审计的投资方最近三年的资产负债表和损益表。

第十一条 申请外商投资建设工程设计企业资质应当向建设行政主管部门提交下列资料:

(一)外商投资建设工程设计企业资质申报表;

(二)外商投资企业批准证书;

(三)企业法人营业执照;

(四)外方投资者所在国或者地区从事建设工程设计的企业注册登记证明、银行资信证明;

(五)外国服务提供者所在国或者地区的个人执业资格证明以及由所在国或者地区政府主管部门或者行业学会、协会、公证机构出具的个人、企业建设工程设计业绩、信誉证明;

(六)建设工程设计企业资质管理规定要求提供的其他资料。

第十二条 本规定中要求申请者提交的资料应当使用中文,证明文件原件是外文的,应当提供中文译本。

第十三条 外商投资建设工程设计企业的外方投资者及外国服务提供者应当是在其本国从事建设工程设计的企业或者注册建筑师、注册工程师。

第十四条 中外合资经营建设工程设计企业、中外合作经营建设工程设计企业中方合营者的出资总额不得低于注册资本的2596。

第十五条 外商投资建设工程设计企业申请建设工程设计企业资质,应当符合建设工程设计企业资质分级标准要求的条件。

外资建设工程设计企业申请建设工程设计企业资质,其取得中国注册建筑师、注册工程师资格的外国服务提供者人数应当各不少于资质分级标准规定的注册执业人员总数的1/4;具有相关专业设计经历的外国服务提供者人数应当不少于资质分级标准规定的技术骨干总人数的1/4。

中外合资经营、中外合作经营建设工程设计企业申请建设工程设计企业资质,其取得中国注册建筑师、注册工程师资格的外国服务提供者人数应当各不少于资质分级标准规定的注册执业人员总数的1/8;具有相关专业设计经历的外国服务提供者人数应当不少于资质分级标准规定的技术骨干总人数的1/8。

第十六条 外商投资建设工程设计企业中,外国服务提供者在中国注册的建筑师、工程师及技术骨干,每人每年在中华人民共和国境内累计居住时间应当不少于6个月。

第十七条 外商投资建设工程设计企业在中国境内从事建设工程设计活动,违反《中华人民共和国建筑法机《建设工程质量管理条例》、《建设工程勘察设计管理条例》、《建设工程勘察设计企业资质管理规定》等有关法律、法规、规章的,依照有关规定处罚。

第十八条 香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区的投资者在其他省、自治区、直辖市内投资设立建设工程设计企业,从事建设工程设计活动,参照本规定执行。法律、法规、国务院另有规定的除外。

第十九条 受理设立外资建设工程设计企业申请的时间由国务院建设行政主管部门和国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门决定。

第二十条 本规定由国务院建设行政主管部门和国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门按照各自职责负责解释。

第二十一条 本规定自2002年12月1日起施行,《成立中外合营工程设计机构审批管理规定》(建设〔1992〕180号)同时废止。

Regulations on Administration of Foreign-Invested Construction and Engineering Design Enterprises



The Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China
The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of the People’s Republic of China


Decree No. 114


Regulations on Administration of Foreign-Invested Construction and Engineering Design Enterprises approved respectively at the 63rd Executive Meeting of the Ministry of Construction on 9 September 2002 and at the 10th Ministerial Meeting of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation on 17 September 2002 are now issued and shall come into force on 1 December 2002.




Minister of the Ministry of Construction: Wang Guangtao
Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation: Shi Guangsheng


27 September 2002


 

Regulations on Administration of Foreign-Invested Construction and Engineering Design Enterprises


Article 1 These Regulations hereof are formulated in order to further the opening up to the outside and standardise the administration of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises in accordance with such laws and regulations as the Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises, the Regulations on Administration of Construction Engineering Quality and the Regulations on Administration of Reconnoitring and Designing of Construction Projects.


Article 2 These Regulations shall apply to the establishment of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, the application for construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications and the administration and supervision of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises.


The term ‘foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise’ mentioned in these Regulations refers to a wholly foreign-owned construction and engineering design enterprise, or a Sino-foreign equity construction and engineering design joint venture or a Sino-foreign cooperatively construction and engineering design enterprise established within the territory of the People’s Republic of China in accordance with Chinese laws and regulations.


Article 3 A foreign investor, which intends to establish a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise within the territory of the People’s Republic of China and carry out construction and engineering design business shall, in accordance with laws, obtain the foreign-invested enterprise approval certificate from the relevant foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department and register with the State Administration of Industry and Commerce or its authorised administration of industry and commerce at local levels, and also obtain the qualification certificate of construction and engineering design enterprise from the relevant construction administration department.


Article 4 Foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises shall abide by the laws, regulations and rules of the People’s Republic of China when carrying out construction and engineering design activities within the territory of the People’s Republic of China.


The lawful operation of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises and their legal rights and interests within the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall be protected by Chinese laws, regulations and rules.


Article 5 The foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall be responsible for the administration of establishing foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises. The construction administration department of the State Council shall be responsible for the administration of the qualifications of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises.


The foreign trade and economic cooperation administration departments of the people’s government of provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities shall be responsible for the administration of establishment of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises within their authorized jurisdiction ; the construction administration departments of the people’s government of provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities shall, in accordance with these regulations, be responsible for the administration of the qualifications of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises within their administrative region.


Article 6 The application for and the examination and approval of the establishment of a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise and the qualifications shall be managed by a grading and categorization system.


Where an applicant is to apply for Grade A qualifications for construction and engineering design or other Grade A or Grade B qualifications for construction and engineering design, the establishment of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall be examined and approved by the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council and its qualifications shall be examined and approved by the construction administration department of the State Council. Where an applicant is to apply for Grade B qualifications for construction and engineering design or other Grade C or lower qualifications for construction and engineering design, the establishment of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall be examined and approved by the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality and its qualifications shall be examined and approved by the construction administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality.


Article 7 The procedures for the establishment of a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise and the application for construction and engineering design qualifications or other Grade A or B engineering design qualifications shall be:


(1) The applicant shall submit an application to the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality where the proposed foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise is to be established.


(2) The foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, or the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality shall complete the preliminary examination within 30 days of receiving the application, and shall, if it grants the preliminary approval, submit the application to the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council for further approval.


(3) Within 10 days of receiving the application for further approval, the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall forward the application to the construction administrative department of the State Council for review and comments. The construction administration department of the State Council shall provide its opinion in writing within 30 days of receiving the request. Within 30 days of receiving the response, the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall decide whether or not to approve the application and express such a decision in written form. If the application is approved, a foreign-invested enterprise certificate shall be granted; if the application is not approved, reasons for the disapproval shall be given in written form.


(4) Within 30 days of receiving the approval certificate, the applicant shall carry out enterprise registration with the relevant registration department.


(5) After obtaining business license for the legal entity, if the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise is to apply for the construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications, the application shall be carried out in accordance with the Regulations on Administration of Construction and Engineering Design Enterprise Qualifications.


Article 8 The procedures for the establishment of a construction and engineering design enterprise and the application for Grade B qualifications and Grade C or lower qualifications for engineering design shall be administered by the construction administration department and the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, or the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality based on local conditions with reference to Article 7 of these Regulations and Regulations on Administration of Construction and Engineering Design Enterprise Qualifications.


Examination and approval of the qualifications of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises by the construction administration departments of the People’s government of provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities shall be put on file with the construction administration department of the State Council within 30 days after the approval is given.


Article 9 The application by a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise to upgrade its qualifications or to add additional engineering qualifications shall be made to the relevant construction administration department in accordance with relevant regulations.


Article 10 An applicant which intends to establish a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall submit the following documents to the relevant foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department:


(1) Application forms to establish a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise signed by the investor’s legal representative;


(2) The feasibility study report prepared or accepted by the investor;


(3) The contract for establishment of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise and the articles of association signed by the investor’s legal representative (only the the articles of association are required for the establishment of a wholly foreign-owned construction and engineering design enterprise);


(4) The notification of pre-verification of the name of the enterprise;


(5) Documentary evidence of legal entity registration of the investor to carry out construction and engineering design in its home country or region and its bank credential letter;


(6) Appointment letters and documentary evidence of the investor’s designated chairman and members of the board of directors, managers and technical managers etc.; and


(7) Balance sheets and profit and loss accounts of the investor over the past three years audited by a certified accountant or an accounting firm.


Article 11 The applicant applying for foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications shall submit the following documents to the relevant construction administration department:


(1) Application forms for the qualifications for a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise;


(2) The approval certificate for the establishment of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise;


(3) The business license for the legal entity;


(4) Documentary evidence of legal entity registration of the investor to carry out construction and engineering design in its home country or region and its bank credential letter;


(5) Professional qualification certificate issued by his home country or region and the individual or enterprise construction and engineering design track record and documentary evidence of its reputation issued by the relevant governmental department or professional institution, association or notary public; and


(6) Other documents as required by Regulations on Administration of Construction and Engineering Design Enterprise Qualifications.


Article 12 All materials required to be submitted by an applicant under these Regulations shall be in Chinese. If the original documentary evidence is in a foreign language, a Chinese translation shall be provided.


Article 13 The foreign investor or the foreign service provider of a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall be an enterprise engaged in construction and engineering design or a certified architect or a certified engineer in his or her home country.


Article 14 The total capital contribution of the Chinese party to a Sin-foreign equity construction and engineering design joint venture or a Sino-foreign cooperatively construction and engineering design joint venture shall not be less than 25% of the registered capital.


Article 15 The criteria of grading of qualifications of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises shall be in accordance with the requirements of grading of qualifications of construction and engineering design enterprise issued by the construction administration department of the State Council.


Where a wholly foreign-owned construction and engineering design enterprise applies for the construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications, its foreign service providers who have been qualified as certified architects or certified engineers in China shall not be less than 1/4 of the total certified professionals required under the qualification grading criteria, and the foreign service providers who have the relevant design experience shall not be less than 1/4 of the total key technical personnel required under the qualification grading criteria.


Where a Sin-foreign equity construction and engineering design joint venture or a Sino-foreign cooperatively managed construction and engineering design enterprise applies for the construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications, its foreign service providers who have been qualified as certified architects or certified engineers in China shall not be less than 1/8 of the total registered professionals required under the qualification grading criteria, and its foreign service providers who have the relevant design experience shall not be less than 1/8 of the total key technical staff required under the qualification grading criteria.


Article 16 Each of the architects and engineers certified in China and the key technical personnel of the foreign service provider in a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall reside within the territory of the People’s Republic of China for no less than a cumulative period of 6 months each year.


Article 17 Where a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise carrying out construction and engineering design activities within the territory of the People’s Republic of China violates the Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China, Regulations on Administration of Construction Engineering Quality, Regulations on Administration of Prospecting and Designing of Construction Projects and Regulations on Administration of Construction Engineering Prospecting Design Enterprise Qualifications and other relevant laws, regulations and rules, it shall be penalized in accordance with relevant provisions.


Article 18 Investors from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region or Taiwan shall establish construction and engineering design enterprises and carry out businesses in other provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities in accordance with these Regulations, unless it is otherwise provided by laws, regulations and the State Council.


Article 19 The timing for accepting and processing the application for establishment of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises shall be determined by the construction administration department of the State Council and the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council.


Article 20 The construction administration department of the State Council and the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall be responsible for interpreting these Regulations in accordance with their functions.


Article 21 These Regulations shall go into force on 1 December 2002. Regulations on Administration of Establishment of Sino-Foreign Project Design Joint Venture (File No. 180, 1992) shall be repealed at the same time.




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教育部办公厅关于对现代远程教育试点高校网络教育学生部分公共课实行全国统一考试的通知

教育部


教育部办公厅关于对现代远程教育试点高校网络教育学生部分公共课实行全国统一考试的通知

教高厅〔2004〕2号

  自1999年在高校开展现代远程教育试点工作以来,我国网络教育呈蓬勃发展的趋势,试点规模不断扩大,发展顺利,取得了可喜的经验和成果,但在发展中也存在着一些问题,为进一步加强网络教育的规范管理,提高网络教育的社会声誉,确保网络教育人才培养的质量,促进网络教育健康、有序地发展,经研究,我部决定对现代远程教育试点高校(以下简称试点高校)网络教育学生的部分公共课实行全国统一考试,现就有关事项通知如下:

  一、试点高校网络教育学生的部分公共课全国统一考试(以下简称“统考”)工作在我部领导下,由全国高校现代远程教育协作组成立全国高校网络教育考试委员会具体组织落实。

  二、统考实行全国统一大纲、统一试题、统一标准。

  三、考试对象为试点普通高校的本科层次网络学历教育的学生和中央广播电视大学“人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点”项目的本科层次学历教育的学生。2004年3月1日以后(含3月1日)入学注册的学生的统考合格成绩作为教育部高等教育学历证书电子注册资格的条件之一。2004年3月1日之前入学的学生的统考成绩作为试点高校网络教育质量评估的重要依据。2004年将对部分地区和部分高校的网络教育学生进行试点性抽查考试。2005年开始对2004年3月1日之后入学注册的所有学生进行统考。对2004年3月1日之前入学注册的网络教育的学生仍采用抽查考试的办法。

  四、统考初期原则上每年组织两次。统考初期以常规纸笔形式进行或机考、网考,逐渐过渡到完全无纸化的机考、网考。

  五、2004年统考科目为英语和计算机基础,2005年开始,统考科目增加高等数学或大学语文。凡参加统考的学生都需参加英语、计算机基础考试,2004年3月1日之后入学注册的理工科类学生加试高等数学,文史类学生加试大学语文,农林医药类和艺术类专业学生由学校选择高等数学或大学语文之一进行考试。具体专业的考试要求将在实施意见中公布。

  六、已具有国民教育系列本科以上学历(含本科)或参加相关的全国统一考试达到一定要求的学生可以免考。具体要求将在实施意见中公布。

  七、统考具体实施意见另行发文。

  试点高校网络教育公共课全国统一考试是提高网络教育办学质量和社会声誉的一项重要举措,各有关单位务必要高度重视,做好统考的舆论宣传工作和各项组织工作,保证统考工作的顺利进行。


证券业与其它金融行业的混业监管趋势研究

赵楠楠 ①

各国的金融管理体制分为分业经营、分业管理和混业经营、综合管理两种不同体制。每个国家根据本国的金融业发展状况选择适合本国的管理体制,同时也要考虑世界金融行业管理体制的发展趋势,从而进一步与国际接轨。无论分业或是混业,都对证券业的监管体制有着极为重要的影响。本文将对目前世界证券业与其它金融行业的混业经营、综合管理的新趋向进行初步探讨,从而寻找我国证券业与其它金融行业关系的新定位。
一、西方国家证券业与其它金融行业的关系
纵观西方国家证券业与银行业、信托业以及保险业之间的关系,大致经历了三个阶段:
1933年以前为第一阶段。证券业的发展环境较为宽松,此时,就美国而言,证券交易主要受州的管理,现代的证券市场法规多未出台,因此证券业务与银行业务相互交叉,没有严格的界限。这一状况一方面对证券业发展起了巨大的推动作用,另一方面也由此滋生了大量的投机行为,严重影响证券市场的健康发展和金融秩序的稳定。1929年发生的股市大崩溃,迫使西方国家认识到银证分业经营的必要性,从而改变银证混业经营的状况。
1933年,以美国颁布《格拉斯——斯蒂格尔法》为标志,银证关系进入了第二个阶段——分业经营阶段。“《格拉斯——斯蒂格尔法》从制度上建立了杜绝风险的防火墙,要求商业银行、投资银行、保险公司、信托公司彻底分业经营和分业管理。《联邦银行法》管辖下的银行与其证券子公司完全分离;商业银行除国债和地方债以外,不得从事证券发行承销业务;禁止私人银行兼管存款业务和证券业务。由此,美国走了近70年的分业经营和分业管理道路。”1日本在二战以后,作为战败国按美国的要求制定了日本证券法,也确立了银证分业制度。英国、韩国也实行了这一制度。
20世纪80年代初以来,西方各国的证券界滋生了一股强大的自由化浪潮,商业银行与证券业的传统区分逐渐消失,银证又出现再次融合的趋势,成为第三个发展阶段。首先体现在英国的“金融大爆炸”(Big Bang)。1986年10月伦敦证券交易所实行了重大的金融改革,“1、允许商业银行直接进入交易报从事证券交易;2、取消交易最低佣金的规定,公司与客户可以直接谈判决定佣金数额;3、准许非交易所成员收购交易所成员的股票;4、取消经纪商和营业商的界限,允许二者的业务交叉和统一;5、实行证券交易手段电子化和交易方式国际化。”2这一重大改革主要是允许银行兼并证券公司,从而拆除了银证之间的防火墙。这些措施吸引了许多外国银行的大量资金,提高了英国证券市场的国际竞争力。美、日面对英国这一重大措施,也采取了相应的对策。美国从80年代以后,对银证分业制度逐步松动。1987年,美联储授权部分银行有限度地从事证券业务,并授权一些银行的子公司进行公司债券和股票的募集资金活动。日本也在1998年提出金融改革方案。到目前为止,银证融合的趋势还在进一步加强,更多的国家对证券业自由化动作给予了配合和响应。
可以这样看,银证分业经营是在1929——1933年大危机之后,政府为保护金融市场所采取的干预行为,但随着经济的发展,金融市场逐步强大,政府必然要逐步减少和放宽对这一领域的干预。这是证券业发展的必然趋势。
二、我国证券业与银行业、保险业的分业经营、分业管理体制
我国证券市场在发展最初都是由银行全资设立或控股设立。但后来,我们逐渐认识到银证混业经营的许多问题。由于我国证券市场很不成熟,投机成分过大,市场泡沫过多,价格起伏剧烈,若实行银证混业,势必将广大储户置于高风险之中,不利于银行体系的安全和储户利益的保护。1995年《商业银行法》通过,该法明确了商业银行在中华人民共和国境内不得从事信托投资和股票业务,不得投资于非自用不动产,不得向非银行金融机构和企业投资。成为我国银证分业经营的法律依据。
我国证券业与保险业也是分业经营,分业管理的。我国《保险法》第104条规定:“保险公司的资金运用,限于在银行存款、买卖政府债券、金融债券和国务院规定的其它资金运用形式。保险公司的资金不得用于设立证券经营机构和向企业投资。”由此,证券业与保险业的分业经营也有了明确的法律依据。
我国新近出台的《信托法》并未像《商业银行法》和《保险法》那样明确规定证券业与信托业的分业经营,而是较为宽泛地规定了受托人的诚信义务。由于信托并不像银行与保险那样牵扯社会上多数人的利益,法律给予了信托业更广泛的空间,允许自然人作为受托人从事信托活动,而将调整的重点放在了对“信用”的保护,强调受托人诚实、信用、谨慎、有效的管理义务。
三、关于我国证券业与其它金融行业关系的新定位
我们知道,金融业的分业与混业,其本身并无优劣可言。采取哪一种制度,关键取决于一个国家的经济状况,在某一特定的经济状况下,无论采用分业或是混业都会各有利弊,立法者权衡利弊从而决定分业或是混业,这种利弊的权衡也当然会随经济状况的变化而变化。在我国目前的经济状况下,采取分业经营制度,多数学者认为还是符合我国国情的。虽然采取混业经营,使业务范围扩大,形成规模经济,能提高经济效益,但同时也使大量资金置于高风险之中,一旦证券价格下跌,势必牵连银行与保险公司的其它业务,甚至面临支付困难的境况。同时,我国金融立法尚不健全,《证券法》、《商业银行法》、《保险法》都只对相关方面作了较为抽象的规定,在具体实施过程中不断面临的问题需要更多的细则法规定。因此,法制环境也成为制约我国金融业发展的另一因素。
中国人民银行研究局副局长景学成在2002年4月11日举行的“入世后中国金融业的应对措施”高峰论坛上指出,我国实行稳健的货币政策是正确的,应当继续执行。同时指出,在较长的时间内,我国仍将对银行、证券、保险实行分业经营、分业监管。这是出于对金融市场的稳定的考虑。但笔者认为适当的分业虽有利于保险业、银行业自身的安全,但完全将证券业与保险业、银行业人为阻断,并不利于金融业的繁荣。
首先,我们不应只注重分业经营管理的优点,而忽视混业经营也有其优势。实行混业经营一方面可以吸引大量银行、保险资金混入,增加证券市场规模经济效益,从而引发国际融资手段的进一步证券化,另一方面也将更有力地推动证券市场朝着国际化目标迅猛发展。这些都是金融业繁荣壮大的积极因素,也是提高本国证券市场国际竞争力的重要方式。我国银行业与发达国家银行业相比仍处于相对较低的水平。我国银行业主要利润来源仍靠传统的存贷款业务,由于呆、坏账比例较高,使银行不得不提高对贷款人的要求,因此中小企业普遍贷款困难,银行也缺乏贷款营销的积极性,从而又制约了银行的发展。而发达国家银行业相当大部分的利润来源于中间业务,这就使呆、坏账比例大大降低,银行也不用停留在争夺居民小额储户的低水平竞争层次上了。怎样拓展银行传统存贷款业务以外的中间业务,笔者认为目光应放在证券业、保险业和信托业上。
其次,我们应该仔细考察我国金融业的发展现状,分析分业经营在我国是否行得通,是否能够取得相应的利益。与西方发达国家相比,我国的金融业起步较晚,发展不很成熟,市场投机比率过大,而抗风险能力较弱。但是否就完全不具备适当混业经营的客观条件,或者说,实行适当混业经营是否会完全破坏金融业的运作秩序呢?答案并非如此。
就借鉴西方发达国家经验而言,实行分业经营有其具体的时代背景,即大危机的爆发。当时西方资本主义国家面对经济危机有些选择战争转嫁危机,而另一部分(尤指美国)采用了国家干预经济的办法,由于在资本主义完全市场经济的条件下首次实行了这一政策,资本主义国家也需要摸索。虽然美国等主要西方国家在金融业里选择了完全分业经营、分业管理的制度,这并不意味着这种制度就是完美无缺的,即使放入当时的历史条件下,也应是这样。在随后的发展过程中,许多国家先后松动了原本完全隔离的证券业与银行业。这一行动表明西方国家在探索分业与混业经营制度过程中改进了自己的做法。我们在向西方学习的过程中,也要将学习看作是一个发展变化的过程,也应该考虑方法改进的原因。由于证券业、银行业、保险业、信托业的界限不可能十分明显,必然有所交叉,那么完全一刀切的方法就是不符合实际情况的。
就我国目前的金融管理体制来看,原则上应采取分业经营分业管理,但在某些方面应当逐渐松动分业的限制,采纳适当的混业经营。单就保险业与证券业的关系来说,国际上保险业进入证券市场投资已十分普遍。“现代保险业的发展趋势,就是增加保险收益,降低费率,减轻投保人负担,从而扩大保险覆盖面。”3自1996年以来,我国连续7次降低银行的存款利率,由于保险资产有40%~60%的资金沉淀在银行里,经历降息之后,保险公司的经营成本不断扩大,保值能力却不断缩小。为此,国务院于1999年10月批准保险公司购买证券投资基金。虽然保险基金目前只能循序渐进地间接进入股市,但这已表明适当混业经营是有其优势和合理性的,我国今后必然要向这一趋势发展。在信托业方面,也必然出现委托进行证券投资的需要,可将信托的相关制度引入证券投资领域,从而使证券监管的法律渊源进一步扩大、完善。
若向银行业引入保险业、证券业和信托业,我们可以采取一个相对折衷的方式。由银行设立控股公司,下设保险公司、证券公司和信托公司等相互独立的子公司。这样做既可以拓宽银行的业务范围,又可以使子公司的业务不至相互影响,母公司可以根据各子公司的经营情况适当调整资金运用,大大提高了银行的竞争实力。
引入混业经营的有关做法之后,对证券监管的法治化就提出了更高的要求。为此我们在进行相关立法的过程中就必须纠正一些法律思想的偏误。同时应当进一步完善自律组织及新闻传媒等市场监管的配套建设。
总之,保险业、银行业、信托业与证券业的适当融合是符合国际金融市场发展需要的,因此与之相配套的混业监管体制也应成为我国证券监管制度改革的方向。


① 作者:赵楠楠 大连海事大学法学院硕士研究生 国际法学专业国际经济法研究方向
1 《证券法理论与实务》 徐杰主编 首都经济贸易大学出版社 2000年6月版 第330页
2 《中国证券市场发展、规范与国际化》 曹凤岐主编 中国金融出版社 1998年5月版
第253页
3 《证券法理论与实务》 徐杰主编 首都经济贸易大学出版社 2000年6月版 第333页